Profile: Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement)

Founding and Origins

Hamas was founded on December 9, 1987 by seven leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood led by Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. The founding came directly in response to the outbreak of the popular uprising (First Intifada) in Palestine. The movement issued its first statement on December 14 of that year, declaring itself as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine. In August 1988, Hamas released its charter which defined its principles and basic objectives.

Organizational Structure and Leadership

Hamas comprises a complex organizational structure including the political office, military wing (Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades), and extensive networks of social and charitable services. The movement is led by the Shura Council, which serves as the primary decision-making body. The political leadership is currently based in Doha via a five-member leadership committee headed by Muhammad Ismail Darwish. In Gaza, Khalil al-Hayya serves as the movement's leader, while Yahya Sinwar commands the military wing.

Political and Electoral Work

Hamas entered official Palestinian political life in 2005 when it decided to participate in Palestinian legislative elections for the first time. The movement achieved a landslide victory in the 2006 elections, securing 76 out of 132 seats, making it the largest bloc in the Legislative Council. Hamas formed its first government under the leadership of Ismail Haniyeh. Since 2007, the movement has controlled Gaza Strip and administered its governmental and service affairs.

Military Wing and Resistance Activities

Hamas officially established its military wing Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades in 1992, though its roots date back to 1986. The brigades are considered among the most prominent Palestinian military factions and participate in armed operations against occupation. The Qassam Brigades have employed diverse resistance methods including armed operations and rocket fire. The movement historically maintained an extensive tunnel network estimated at 500 kilometers, which played a crucial role in its military strategy.

Current Challenges and Crises

Hamas currently faces a profound leadership crisis following a series of assassinations targeting its top leadership. Prominent leaders Ismail Haniyeh, Yahya Sinwar, and Muhammad al-Deif were killed in 2024. The movement has suffered significant human and military losses due to the war on Gaza that began in October 2023. Hamas signed a ceasefire agreement with Israel in January 2025, representing a new turning point in its trajectory. The movement is currently attempting to reorganize its structures and establish new leadership.